ACCOUNTING

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

ACCOUNTING

CHAPTER 7

A higher savings rate will affect the steady state level of income. This is because as savings rate increases, capital stock accumulates and that increases the steady state output. Therefore, steady state income also increases.

The rate of growth however will increase till the economy will reach the next steady state. Once it reaches the next steady state, it will maintain a steady state of growth rate.

The golden rule level of capital is denoted as k*. Now, we know that

c* = f(k*) – dk*, where c* is the golden rule level of consumption. Therefore, the golden rule level of consumption is dependent entirely on k*. Therefore, in order to maximize the individual consumption level, it is perfectly justified for the policymaker to choose the golden level of capital k*.

There is a trade-off between current consumption and future consumption. If current consumption is reduced, saving is done in current period, which translates into investment, which increases capital stock and therefore future consumption. Therefore, when an economy starts above the golden rule level of capital, if it moves towards the golden rule level, addition to the capital stock falls that means current consumption increases. So a policymaker would always choose a higher than golden rule level of capital.

On the other hand, when a policymaker starts below the golden rule level of capital, in order to reach the golden rule level, current consumption has to be sacrificed. Therefore, whether or not the policymaker would choose a level below golden rule would depend entirely on his long-term goals.

The impact of increase in population can be clearly shown using a diagram. In the diagram below, the initial population growth rate is n. Therefore, the steady state level of capital is k1. Now, the population growth rate increases to n’. It causes the steady state level of capital to fall, to k’. As steady state level of capital falls, the steady state level of income would also fall.

However, the steady state growth rate is given by (n+g) where n is population growth rate and g is the growth rate of efficiency per worker. So when n increases, the steady state rate of growth also increases.

Investment

Y = K^.5L^.5

In order to examine the returns of scale, we replace K and L each by aK and aL respectively, where a is a constant.

Y1 = (aK)^.5(aL)^.5 or. Y1 = a K^.5L^.5 or, Y1 = aY

Therefore, the production function exhibits constant returs to scale.

y = Y/L = (K/L)^.5 = k^.5 where k = K/L

We know in steady state, sf(k) = dk

Also, from part b, f(k) = k^.5Therefore, s k^.5 = dk or, k = (s/d)^.5

Therefore, for country A, k_A =(0.1/0.05)² = 4

And for country B, k_B =(0.2/0.05)² = 16

Therefore, y_A = 2 and y_B = 4

Also, the consumption is

C_A = (1 – s_A)y_A = 1.8

C_B = (1 – s_B)y_B = 3.2

If the countries start off with an initial capital stock per worker of 2, then for country A the capital per worker would be 1.414 and consumption would be 1.272. For country B y would be 1.414 and c would be 1.131.

Below, we provide the table for year-to-year change for both country A and B

COUNTRY A

YEAR	k	y	c	i	dk	∆k
1	2	1.414214	1.272792	0.141421	0.1	0.041421
2	2.041421	1.428783	1.285905	0.142878	0.102071	0.040807
3	2.082229	1.442993	1.298694	0.144299	0.104111	0.040188
4	2.122416	1.456852	1.311166	0.145685	0.106121	0.039564
5	2.161981	1.470368	1.323331	0.147037	0.108099	0.038938
6	2.200919	1.483549	1.335194	0.148355	0.110046	0.038309

COUNTRY B

YEAR	k	y	c	i	dk	∆k
1	2	1.414214	1.131371	0.282843	0.1	0.182843
2	2.182843	1.477445	1.181956	0.295489	0.109142	0.186347
3	2.36919	1.539217	1.231374	0.307843	0.118459	0.189384
4	2.558573	1.599554	1.279643	0.319911	0.127929	0.191982
5	2.750556	1.65848	1.326784	0.331696	0.137528	0.194168
6	2.944724	1.71602	1.372816	0.343204	0.147236	0.195968

As we can see from the table, after 5 years, consumption in country B would be greater than that of country A.

When a part of the labor force is destroyed, total output will fall, as total output is a direct function of labor and capital Y = F(K, L). However, output per person would increase, as it is given by y = f(k) where k = K/L.
As output per person increases, after the war, the economy starts at a point where the level of capital is greater than the steady state level. Therefore, current consumption increases and the economy slowly moves back to the steady state level, i.e. output per person falls. Therefore, the growth of output per person would be slower until the economy moves back to the steady state, after that, the growth rate would be equal to the steady state rate.

Y = K^.3L^.7

Per worker production function is Y/L =y = K^.3L^-.3 = (K/L)^.3

or, y = k^.3

Steady state capital per worker, output per worker, consumption per worker

We know that in the steady state,

∆k = sf(k) – δk

In steady state, ∆k = 0, so

sf(k) = δk

We have from a. f(k) = k^.3

So, s k^.3 = δk

or, k^.7 = s/δ

Therefore, k* = (s/δ)^1/.7 = (s/δ)^1.428

This is the steady state level of capital per worker.

Therefore, y* = (s/δ)^.3/.7 = (s/δ)^.428

This is the steady state level of output per worker.

c = y* – δk* = (s/δ)^.428 – δ(s/δ)^1.428

This is the steady state level of consumption per worker.

Given depreciation = 10%. Therefore, the table is reproduced below –

s	k*	y*	c*
0	0	0	0
0.1	1	1	0.9
0.2	2.690734	1.345367	1.076294
0.3	4.800972	1.600324	1.120227
0.4	7.240052	1.810013	1.086008
0.5	9.957015	1.991403	0.995702
0.6	12.91814	2.153023	0.861209
0.7	16.09904	2.299863	0.689959
0.8	19.48106	2.435132	0.487026
0.9	23.04933	2.561037	0.256104
1	26.79168	2.679168	0

A savings rate of 1, i.e. 100% saving maximizes output per worker. However, that is practically impossible as it rules out any current consumption.

MPK = dY/dK = 0.3L^.7K^.7

It can be written as 0.3K^.3L^.7/K = 0.3Y/K

Dividing numerator and denominator by L, we get, 0.3y/k

In the table we substitute the values and find MPK

s	k*	y*	c*	MPK
0	0	0	0
0.1	1	1	0.9	0.3
0.2	2.690734	1.345367	1.076294	0.15
0.3	4.800972	1.600324	1.120227	0.1
0.4	7.240052	1.810013	1.086008	0.075
0.5	9.957015	1.991403	0.995702	0.06
0.6	12.91814	2.153023	0.861209	0.05
0.7	16.09904	2.299863	0.689959	0.042857
0.8	19.48106	2.435132	0.487026	0.0375
0.9	23.04933	2.561037	0.256104	0.033333
1	26.79168	2.679168	0	0.03

The table shows that marginal product of capital steady declines.

If Canada experiences a fall in population growth rate, it would increase its steady state capital per worker (from k1 to k2) and hence output per worker.

Investment

The growth rate of output is the sum of population growth rate and rate of technological progress. So as population growth rate falls, total output growth rate falls as well.

However, the growth rate of output per person does not depend on the population growth rate, but it depends on the growth of technological progress. So growth rate of output per person does not change.

CHAPTER 8

In steady state level, the income per worker is determined by only the growth of technological progress.
According to Mankiw, if the economy is operating with less capital than in the Golden Rule steady state, then MPK – d > n + g. And if the economy is operating with too much capital, then MPK –d < n+ g. So in order to know whether an economy is operating, we need to know the growth rate of output (n + g), which can be found from the real GDP growth rate and net marginal product of capital (MPK −d), which can be found from the capital stock, depreciation of capital and capital income.

y = k^.5

We know, with technological progress an population growth, the equation of change is

∆k = sf(k) – (δ + n + g)k

in steady state, ∆k = 0, so sf(k) = (δ + n + g)k

f(k) = k^.5

So,

s k^.5 = (δ + n + g)k

or, s = (δ + n + g) k^.5

or, s = (δ + n + g) y

therefore,

y = s / (δ + n + g) This is the steady state value of y (1)

we have, Sd = .28 (developed country) SL = .1 (less-developed country)

nd = 0.01(developed country) nL = 0.04 (less-developed country)

g = 0.02 ∂ = 0.04

Plugging the values in (1),

yd = 4

yL = 1

The country’s government can take an active population control policy, like China, education people and reducing the birth rates. However, to most of the countries it would be too restrictive and intrusive. Therefore, another way would be to try and increase the rate of growth for technological progress by investing more in research and development.

a. The rate of growth of total income: It is given by n + g, so efficiency of labor does not affect the rate of growth of total income. Therefore, it will not be affected by education.
The level of income per worker: Except education, nothing is different between the countries. SO assume, the equilibrium level of income per worker in the less educated country is y1 = Y/E1L where E is the level of income and the equilibrium level of income per worker in the more educated country is y2 = Y/E2L. Now, if everything else is same, y1 = y2 = y*. Therefore, Y/L in the less educate country must be less than Y/L in the more educated country to offset the effect of E2 > E1.
The level of income per worker will be more in the country with more educated labor force.
The real rental price of capital. The real rental is determined by MPK, which is unaffected by the level of education according to the growth model. Therefore, it will not change between countries.
The real wage. The real wage per unit of labor can be expressed as wE where w is the nominal wage and E is the level of education. So, the level of real wage will be more in the country with more educated labor force.

CHAPTER 10

The fiscal policy has a multiplied effect on national income because there is an income consumption spiral. As a result of an expansionary fiscal policy, the national income increases in the first round. That, in turn, causes the consumption to increase. As consumption increases, expenditures increase even more and more income is generated. This spiral goes on. According to the Keynesian cross, the net effect of an expansionary fiscal policy is given by ∆G/(1 – MPC) where MPC is the marginal propensity to consume.

Ms

Ms’

r

The theory of liquidity preference assumes there is a ﬁxed supply of real money balances which is an exogenous policy variable chosen by a central bank. The price level is also an exogenous variable. The demand for money supply is a downward sloping curve. This is given in the figure below.

As the money supply increases, the money supply line shifts to right. This causes the equilibrium market clearing rate of interest to fall.

The IS curve is sloped downwards because it shows the inverse relationship between the rate of interest and investment. As interest rate falls, it is beneficial for investors to borrow more money. So level of investment also rise. The IS curve captures this inverse relationship.
The LM curve is upward sloping because it shows the relationship between interest rate and income. A higher level of income leads to a higher interest rate. This is because as income rises, the demand for real money balances also rises. Therefore, to bring the money market back in equilibrium, the rate of interest must rise. The LM curve captures this positive relationship and therefore is upward sloped.

An increase in government purchases.

An increase in government purchases causes the planned expenditure function shift upward by the amount of increase in G. The resulting increase in income is much more, from Y1 to Y2, due to the multiplier effect.

An increase in taxes.

An increase in tax would shift the expenditure line down, by the amount of the tax. The resultant fall in income (Y2-Y1) would be more than that, due to the multiplier effect.

An equal increase in government purchases and taxes.

An increase in G causes Y to increase by ∆G/(1 – MPC) while an increase in taxes causes Y to fall by ∆T*MPC/(1 – MPC).

Therefore, the net effect is
∆G/(1 – MPC) – ∆T*MPC/(1 – MPC) = 1/(1 – MPC) * (∆G – ∆T*MPC)

As ∆G = ∆T, the net effect is

1/(1 – MPC) * (∆G – ∆G*MPC) = ∆G

Therefore Y would increase by the increase in G.

a. In this case, for one dollar increase in G, consumption increases by (1 – t)MPC. Because, according to the problem, t is the marginal tax rate. Therefore, the effect on Y is less.
We have seen that a government purchase causes Y to change by ∆G/(1 – MPC). In this case, intuitively, the multiplier would be ∆G/(1 – t)MPC.
The per dollar tax would increase the slope of the IS curve.

(M/P)^d = Y − 100r (1)

M is 1,000 P is 2.

Therefore, M/P = 500 = real money supply.

M/P

Equilibrium interest rate can be solved from (M/P)^d = Y − 100r à 500 = 1000 – 100r à r = 5
M is now 1200 but P is 2. So, (M/P)^d = 600. Plugging the value in (1), r = 4. i.e. the equilibrium interest rate falls.
Plug r = 7 in (1)

(M/P)^d = Y – 100*7

Y = 1000, P = 2

so, M = 600.

Therefore, money supply has to be reduced to 600.

CH 11.

Questions For Review

The aggregate demand curve is negatively sloped because it reflects the negative relationship between the aggregate price level in the economy and national income. As the price level increases, given money supply doesn’t change, the income falls.

When taxes are increases the income falls, by the tax rate multiplier. For one unit of tax increase , the national income falls by

∆T × [ – MPC/(1 – MPC)]

Where ∆T is the change in tax, MPC is marginal propensity to consume. The movement can be shown using a diagram. The tax increase would cause the IS curve to shift to the left. This would cause the rate of interest to fall and output to fall as well. As rate of interest falls, investment would rise. However the rise in investment would be offset by the fall in income, so consumption would fall.

A decrease in money supply reduces real money balances therefore, the LM curve shifts leftwards, with no change in the IS curve. This causes the income to fall and the interest rate to rise. Consumption also falls as income falls. Investment falls too, because the interest rate rises.

Y

Falling prices will increase income.

CASE 1: SHIFT IN IS :

As prices fall, real wealth increases, which increases demand and would shift the IS curve to the right, this causes the rate of interest to rise, investment to fall and income to rise.

CASE 2: SHIFT IN LM:

As prices fall, real money balance increase, which would shift the LM curve to the right, this causes the rate of interest to fall, investment to rise and income to rise.

Y

CH11.

Problems

When the central bank increases money supply, LM curve shifts to the right, with no change in the IS curve. Interest rate falls, investment increases and income and consumption rise.

PLEASE TURN OVER

Y

The IS curve shifts to the right, interest increases, investment falls, output and consumption both rise.

r

If the givt increases taxes, the IS curve will shift to the right by the amount of the tax multiplier, interest would fall, investment would rise, income and consumption both would fall.

r

r1

r2

If the govt increases government purchases and taxes by equal amounts, the net change in the IS curve would depend on the impact of the two policies.

The change in Y due to government purchases = ∆G/(1 – MPC)

The change in Y due to taxes = ∆T *MPC/(1 – MPC)

The net impact is ∆G /(1 – MPC) – ∆T *MPC/(1 – MPC)

Now, ∆G = ∆T by the question

so,the net impact is ∆G /(1 – MPC) – ∆G *MPC/(1 – MPC)

= ∆G [(1-MPC) / (1 – MPC)]

= ∆G

Therefore, it would shift the IS curve to the right by the amount of the change in govt purchases.

PLEASE TURN OVER

C = 200 + 0.75(Y – T)

I = 200 – 25r

G = 100

T = 100

IS equation: Y = C(Y – T) + I(r)+ G

Substituting the values and simplifying,

Y = 1700 – 100r.

THE GRAPH IS AT THE END OF PART C

LM equation: (M/P) = Y – 100r, M = 1000

M/P = 1000/2 = 500

LM: 500 = Y – 100r.

or, Y = 500 + 100r

In eqlm, IS = LM,

1700 – 100r = 500 + 100r

r = 6

When r =6, Y = 1100

r

6

If G increase from 100 to 150, IS: Y = 200 + 0.75(Y – 100) + 200 – 25r + 150, or, Y = 1900 – 100r

Therefore, is shifts to the right by (1900 – 100r) – (1700 – 100r) = 200

If M becomes 1200, L eqn: 600 = Y – 100r, or, Y = 600 + 100r

LM shifts to the right by (600 + 100r) – (500 + 100r) = 100

If prices rise to 4, LM would be: 250 = Y – 100r or, Y = 250 + 100r

The new interest rate can be found from the IS and LM equation

1,700 – 100r = 250 + 100r, r = 7.25

Y = 975

The AD curve shows the relationship between output and rice level.

We have, IS = Y = 1700 – 100r or, Y – 1700 = 100r

LM = (M/P) = Y – 100r or, (M/P) – Y = 100r

Therefore, 1700 – Y = Y – (M/P), M = 1000

Y = 850 + 500/P

When P = 5, Y = 950

When P = 10, Y = 900

When P = 50, Y = 860

AD

Y

If (d) govt purchases increase, the AD curve would shift to the right.

Because, when G increases, the IS curve is Y = 1900 – 100r

LM: 100r = Y – (1,000/P).

Solving, Y = 950 + 500/P, so AD shifts to the right by 100.

If (e) money supply increases, the AD curve will also shift to the right.

Increase in money supply:

In short run, the increase in money supply would shift the LM curve to the right. That would reduce the rate of interest, increase investment and increase the output beyond the potential GDP. Therefore, in long run price would increase, real balances would fall and the LM curve would shift to the left and it will come back to its original position.

Y

Increase in govt purchase:

An increase in govt purchase in the short run would shift the IS curve to the right, which will increase the output beyond the potential output, but also increase the interest rate. In long run, the increased interest rate would crowd out the output and price will rise. This would shift the LM curve to the left. LM would shift to left till the initial output is reached. However, the prevailing interest rate in the economy would be higher.

PLEASE TURN OVER

Y

Increase in taxes:

In short run, the IS curve will shift to left, causing the interest rate to drop and income to fall. As output falls below the potential level, the price would fall and the LM curve would shift to right, restoring the potential output in the long run but at a lower interest rate level.

Y

M/P = L(r, Y – T)

No, the money demand function is independent of the government purchase, so it should not alter.
Yes, as money demand is depends on the amount of tax (T), so when T increases, M/P increases and vice versa, leading to a rightward shift of the IS curve.

Economics Homework

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

Economics Homework

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1) Eileen is a hard-working college sophomore. One Tuesday, she decides to work nonstop until she has answered 250 practice problems for her physics course. She starts work at 8:00 AM and uses a table to keep track of her progress throughout the day. She notices that as she gets tired, it takes her longer to solve each problem.

Time	Total Problems Answered
8:00 AM	0
9:00 AM	100
10:00 AM	175
11:00 AM	225
Noon	250

Use the table to answer the following questions.

The marginal, or additional, gain from Eileen’s second hour of work, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM, is

problems.

The marginal gain from Eileen’s fourth hour of work, from 11:00 AM to noon, is

problems.

Later, the teaching assistant in Eileen’s physics course gives her some advice. “Based on past experience,” the teaching assistant says, “working on 87.5 problems raises a student’s exam score by about the same amount as reading the textbook for 1 hour.” For simplicity, assume students always cover the same number of pages during each hour they spend reading.

Given this information, in order to use her 4 hours of study time to get the best exam score possible, how many hours should she have spent working on problems, and how many should she have spent reading?

0 hours working on problems, 4 hours reading

1 hour working on problems, 3 hours reading

2 hours working on problems, 2 hours reading

4 hours working on problems, 0 hours reading

2) Juanita is deciding whether to buy a skirt that she wants, as well as where to buy it. Three stores carry the same skirt, but it is more convenient for Juanita to get to some stores than others. For example, she can go to her local store, located 15 minutes away from where she works, and pay a marked-up price of $102 for the skirt:

Store	Travel Time Each Way	Price of a Skirt
Store	*(Minutes)*	*(Dollars per skirt)*
Local Department Store	15	102
Across Town	30	85
Neighboring City	60	76

Juanita makes $42 an hour at work. She has to take time off work to purchase her skirt, so each hour away from work costs her $42 in lost income. Assume that returning to work takes Juanita the same amount of time as getting to a store and that it takes her 30 minutes to shop. As you answer the following questions, ignore the cost of gasoline and depreciation of her car when traveling.

Complete the following table by computing the opportunity cost of Juanita’s time and the total cost of shopping at each location.

Store	Opportunity Cost of Time	Price of a Skirt	Total Cost
Store	*(Dollars)*	*(Dollars per skirt)*	*(Dollars)*
Local Department Store		102
Across Town		85
Neighboring City		76

Assume that Juanita takes opportunity costs and the price of the skirt into consideration when she shops. Juanita will minimize the cost of the skirt if she buys it from the .

3) The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the amount he receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduced.

The provision of Social Security gives people the incentive to save ________ while working. Moreover, the reduction in benefits associated with higher earnings gives people the incentive to __________ past age 65.

4) A 1996 bill reforming the federal government’s antipoverty programs limited many welfare recipients to only 2 years of benefits.

This change gives people the incentive to find a job ______ quickly than if welfare benefits lasted forever.

The loss of benefits after 2 years will result in the distribution of income becoming _______ equal. In addition, the economy will be __________ efficient because of the change in working incentives.

5) Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about equality or a concern about efficiency.

Activity	Equality	Efficiency
Regulating cable TV prices
Providing some poor people with vouchers that can be used to buy food
Prohibiting smoking in public places
Breaking up Standard Oil (which once owned 90% of all oil refineries) into several smaller companies
Imposing higher personal income tax rates on people with higher incomes
Instituting laws against driving while intoxicated

6) Which of the following statements support the reality that your standard of living is different from that of your parents or grandparents when they were your age? Check all that apply.

Many families have at least two cars per household, whereas having a vehicle was a luxury in the early 20th century.

A cutting-edge television comes with HD, 3D, and SmartTV technology, while your grandparents likely enjoyed a black-and-white television in the early years.

In the United States, the average person’s life expectancy was roughly 78 years old in 2010, but only 70 years old in 1960.

True or False: Labor unions are the primary reason the standard of living in the United States has changed over time.

True

False

7) During the Revolutionary War, the American colonies could not raise enough tax revenue to fully fund the war effort; to make up the difference, the colonies decided to print more money. Printing money to cover expenditures is sometimes referred to as an inflation tax.

Who is being taxed when more money is printed?

Banks only

Families of soldiers in active duty

Anyone who is holding money

Create SFAS Table

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

Create SFAS Table

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External Factors

Weight

Rating

Weighted Score

Comments

Opportunities

· Electronic Ticketing

· Better Security

· Social mobility

Threats

· Inflation

· Slow Economic Growth

· Unemployment

TOTAL SCORES

.20

.10

.20

.10

1.00

5.0

4.5

3.9

5.0

4.3

4.0

1.0

.90

.39

1.0

.86

.40

4.55

ü Has the highest impact

ü Has a slightly higher impact

ü Has the highest effect

ü Has a slightly higher effect

Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS Table)

Internal Factors

Weight

Rating

Weighted Score

Comments

Strengths

· Cost leadership

· Fair Treatment of employees

· Shortest and cheapest travel time

· Ahead of Technology

Weaknesses

· Court battles

· Staff shortage

· Lack of first class section

· Absence of meal service

· Extra duties for flight attendants

TOTAL SCORES

.20

.15

.05

.10

.20

.15

.05

1.00

5.0

4.5

4.0

5.0

4.3

5.0

4.0

3.5

2.5

3.7

1.0

.68

.20

.50

.86

1.0

.60

.18

.13

.19

3.66

ü Distinctive competence

ü Core competence

ü Important at present

ü Important in the future

ü Most likely

ü Has higher effects

ü The likelihood is minimal

ü Less likely

ü Likely

Case: Uber And The Sharing Economy

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

Case: Uber And The Sharing Economy

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-Answer the following questions in APA format.

-3 to 4 pages including reference page.

-Use attached resource article and include at least 2 addition research sources (not Wikipedia)

Due Tuesday, October 2, 2018 11:00pm (New York time zone)

Case: Uber and the Sharing Economy: Global Market Expansion and Reception

1. How is the sharing economy characterized? What challenges does this economic model face? Is this economic model available alternative to or significant attention of capitalism? Can sharing economies go global?

2. What are uber’s core competencies? How does this answer matter to the sharing economy?

3. What challenges does Uber face during global expansion? Is Uber’s business vulnerable since is easy for others such as DiDi Kuaidi in China and Ola in India to imitate? Can Uber overcome the challenges from foreign governments? Should it try to collaborate with these foreign governments? If so, how? What are the pros and cons of doing so? What strategies should Uber implement to expand globally?

4. Due to the furious competition from rivals in global markets (China, India or Southeast Asia). Should Uber leave these markets and focus only on the US market? What are the pros and cons of Uber choice?

Anthropology Discussions

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

Anthropology Discussions

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1- Discussion Posts: (200 -250 words)

Describe the value of Linguistic Anthropology for understanding culture & Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and give examples of how it

2- Discussion Reply to a Classmate (150-200 words)

Classmate’s Post below:

Language is something I think we as humans take for granted. No matter where you go or what time frame you go back to, there is some type of communication that is unique to each and every culture. Language according to our readings, is crucial for interpretation, expression, and transmission of culture. With language we are able to create and keep memories and traditions that can last so many lifetimes, even expanding into something new. There are relationships between culture and language and that is what linguistic anthropologists are here to study and try to understand it. Language is composed of many different elements including, phonology and phoneme. Phonology are the rules for forming vocal symbols. Phoneme is the category of speech sounds that keep words apart (like t, d, s). We all have learned what grammar is, and how to do it properly. They are basically the rules for making sentences. Morphemes are grammatical elements that form small units of meaning in any language. The difference between morphemes and phoneme is that morphemes are the smallest unit of meaning in a language, while phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a hypothesis that was first created by Edward Sapir, in 1929. His theory is that language ultimately determines perception and experience of something. An example of this theory is the way we talk about men and women. We use in our culture a very sexist vocabulary that puts men at the end of everything (fireman, policeman). It even goes as far to use the term male nurse, we don’t call women nurses, woman nurse!

ACCOUNTING

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

ACCOUNTING

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1) Eileen is a hard-working college sophomore. One Tuesday, she decides to work nonstop until she has answered 250 practice problems for her physics course. She starts work at 8:00 AM and uses a table to keep track of her progress throughout the day. She notices that as she gets tired, it takes her longer to solve each problem.

Time	Total Problems Answered
8:00 AM	0
9:00 AM	100
10:00 AM	175
11:00 AM	225
Noon	250

Use the table to answer the following questions.

The marginal, or additional, gain from Eileen’s second hour of work, from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM, is

[removed]

problems.

The marginal gain from Eileen’s fourth hour of work, from 11:00 AM to noon, is

[removed]

problems.

Later, the teaching assistant in Eileen’s physics course gives her some advice. “Based on past experience,” the teaching assistant says, “working on 87.5 problems raises a student’s exam score by about the same amount as reading the textbook for 1 hour.” For simplicity, assume students always cover the same number of pages during each hour they spend reading.

Given this information, in order to use her 4 hours of study time to get the best exam score possible, how many hours should she have spent working on problems, and how many should she have spent reading?

[removed]0 hours working on problems, 4 hours reading

[removed]1 hour working on problems, 3 hours reading

[removed]2 hours working on problems, 2 hours reading

[removed]4 hours working on problems, 0 hours reading

2) Juanita is deciding whether to buy a skirt that she wants, as well as where to buy it. Three stores carry the same skirt, but it is more convenient for Juanita to get to some stores than others. For example, she can go to her local store, located 15 minutes away from where she works, and pay a marked-up price of $102 for the skirt:

Store	Travel Time Each Way	Price of a Skirt
Store	*(Minutes)*	*(Dollars per skirt)*
Local Department Store	15	102
Across Town	30	85
Neighboring City	60	76

Juanita makes $42 an hour at work. She has to take time off work to purchase her skirt, so each hour away from work costs her $42 in lost income. Assume that returning to work takes Juanita the same amount of time as getting to a store and that it takes her 30 minutes to shop. As you answer the following questions, ignore the cost of gasoline and depreciation of her car when traveling.

Complete the following table by computing the opportunity cost of Juanita’s time and the total cost of shopping at each location.

Store	Opportunity Cost of Time	Price of a Skirt	Total Cost
Store	*(Dollars)*	*(Dollars per skirt)*	*(Dollars)*
Local Department Store	[removed]	102	[removed]
Across Town	[removed]	85	[removed]
Neighboring City	[removed]	76	[removed]

Assume that Juanita takes opportunity costs and the price of the skirt into consideration when she shops. Juanita will minimize the cost of the skirt if she buys it from the .

3) The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the amount he receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduced.

The provision of Social Security gives people the incentive to save ________ while working. Moreover, the reduction in benefits associated with higher earnings gives people the incentive to __________ past age 65.

4) A 1996 bill reforming the federal government’s antipoverty programs limited many welfare recipients to only 2 years of benefits.

This change gives people the incentive to find a job ______ quickly than if welfare benefits lasted forever.

The loss of benefits after 2 years will result in the distribution of income becoming _______ equal. In addition, the economy will be __________ efficient because of the change in working incentives.

5) Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about equality or a concern about efficiency.

Activity	Equality	Efficiency
Regulating cable TV prices	[removed]	[removed]
Providing some poor people with vouchers that can be used to buy food	[removed]	[removed]
Prohibiting smoking in public places	[removed]	[removed]
Breaking up Standard Oil (which once owned 90% of all oil refineries) into several smaller companies	[removed]	[removed]
Imposing higher personal income tax rates on people with higher incomes	[removed]	[removed]
Instituting laws against driving while intoxicated	[removed]	[removed]

6) Which of the following statements support the reality that your standard of living is different from that of your parents or grandparents when they were your age? Check all that apply.

[removed]Many families have at least two cars per household, whereas having a vehicle was a luxury in the early 20th century.

[removed]A cutting-edge television comes with HD, 3D, and SmartTV technology, while your grandparents likely enjoyed a black-and-white television in the early years.

[removed]In the United States, the average person’s life expectancy was roughly 78 years old in 2010, but only 70 years old in 1960.

True or False: Labor unions are the primary reason the standard of living in the United States has changed over time.

[removed]True

[removed]False

7) During the Revolutionary War, the American colonies could not raise enough tax revenue to fully fund the war effort; to make up the difference, the colonies decided to print more money. Printing money to cover expenditures is sometimes referred to as an inflation tax.

Who is being taxed when more money is printed?

[removed]Banks only

[removed]Families of soldiers in active duty

[removed]Anyone who is holding money

The Correlation Coefficient

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

The Correlation Coefficient

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Assignment 1: Discussion

Using one of the two formulas cited in this module calculate the correlation coefficient using the following values presented below. Once you have completed your calculation, discuss the following: Is there a statistically significant correlation between customer service attitude scores and number of overtime hours? State the research question and testable hypothesis. Interpret, discuss, and support your findings with at least two other classmates.

Customer Service Attitude Scores	OT Hours
5	1
10	6
5	2
11	8
12	5
4	1
3	4
2	6
6	5
1	2

By Friday, February 22, 2013, post to the Discussion Area

Assignment 2: T-Test

By Tuesday, February 26, 2013, post your assignment to the M2: Assignment 2 Dropbox. Any conclusion drawn for the t-test statistical process is only as good as the research question asked and the null hypothesis formulated. T-tests are only used for two sample groups, either on a pre post-test basis or between two samples (independent or dependent). The t-test is optimized to deal with small sample numbers which is often the case with managers in any business. When samples are excessively large the t test becomes difficult to manage due to the mathematical calculations involved.

Calculate the “t” value for independent groups for the following data using the formula presented in the module. Check the accuracy of your calculations. Using the raw measurement data presented above, determine whether or not there exists a statistically significant difference between the salaries of female and male human resource managers using the appropriate t-test. Develop a research question, testable hypothesis, confidence level, and degrees of freedom. Draw the appropriate conclusions with respect to female and male HR salary levels. Report the required “t” critical values based on the degrees of freedom. Your response should be 2-3 pages.

Salary Level
Female HR Directors	Male HR Directors
$50,000	$58,000
$75,000	$69,000
$72,000	$73,000
$67,000	$67,000
$54,000	$55,000
$58,000	$63,000
$52,000	$53,000
$68,000	$70,000
$71,000	$69,000
$55,000	$60,000
*Do not forget what we all learned in high school about “0”s

Chapter 6_Aplia_Economics_2016

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

Chapter 6_Aplia_Economics_2016

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Guaranteed 100% Answers as they are directly printed from Aplia.

1. Calculating inflation using a simple price index

Consider a fictional price index, the College Student Price Index (CSPI), based on a typical college student’s annual purchases. Suppose the following table

shows information on the market basket for the CSPI and the prices of each of the goods in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

The cost of each item in the basket and the total cost of the basket are shown for 2010.

Perform these same calculations for 2011 and 2012, and enter the results in the following table.

Keep the Highet: 2 / 2

2. Comparing salaries from different times

Consider golfers who led the Professional Golfers’ Association of America (PGA) in winnings at different points in time. Note that the winnings are nominal

figures (unadjusted for inflation).

To convert the original earnings of Nicklaus, Miller, and Norman, use the formula for converting dollar figures from an earlier era into today’s (year 2010)

U.S. dollars. Using those figures, fill in the following table, making sure to round your responses to the nearest U.S. dollar.

Keep the Highet: 2 / 2

3. Inflation and interest rates

The following table shows the average nominal interest rates on sixmonth

Treasury bills between 1971 and 1975, which determined the nominal

interest rate that the U.S. government paid when it issued debt in those years. The table also shows the inflation rate for the years 1971 to 1975. (All

rates are rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent.)

Keep the Highet: 3 / 3

4. Interest, inflation, and purchasing power

Suppose Susan is an avid reader and buys only comic books. Susan deposits $2,000 in a bank account that pays an annual nominal interest rate of 5%.

Assume this interest rate is fixed—that is, it won’t change over time. At the time of her deposit, a comic book is priced at $20.00.

Initially, the purchasing power of Susan’s $2,000 deposit is comic books.

ECON 2300 CH 5 Quiz

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

ECON 2300 CH 5 Quiz

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Econ2300
assignment: Ch5 Quiz

1.
award:
2.34 out of
5.00 points

Exercise 5.12 METHODS AND APPLICATIONS
Suppose that the probability distribution of a random variable x can be described by the formula

P(x) = x
________________________________________
15

for each of the values x = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. For example, then, P(x = 2) = p(2) =2/15.

(a) Write out the probability distribution of x. (Write all fractions in reduced form.)

x 1 2 3 4 5

P(x) ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________

(b) Show that the probability distribution of x satisfies the properties of a discrete probability distribution.(Round other answers to the nearest whole number. Leave no cells blank – be certain to enter “0” wherever required.)

P(x) ≥ for each value of x.

(c) Calculate the mean of x. (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.)

µx

(d) Calculate the variance, σ2x , and the standard deviation, σx. (Round your answer σx2 in to 3 decimal places and round answer σx in to 4 decimal places.)

σx2

σx

2.
award:
3.43 out of
5.00 points

Exercise 5.23 METHODS AND APPLICATIONS
Suppose that x is a binomial random variable with n = 5, p = 0.3, and q = 0.7.

(b) For each value of x, calculate p(x), and graph the binomial distribution. (Round final answers to 5 decimal places.)

p(0) = , p(1) = , p(2) = , p (3) = ,
p(4) = , p(5) =

(c) Find P(x = 3). (Round final answer to 5 decimal places.)

P(x=3)

(d) Find P(x ≤ 3). (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round final answer to 5 decimal places.)

P(x ≤ 3)

(e) Find P(x < 3). (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round final answer to 5 decimal places.)

P(x < 3) = P(x ≤ 2)

(f) Find P(x ≥ 4). (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round final answer to 5 decimal places.)

P(x ≥ 4)

(g) Find P(x > 2). (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round final answer to 5 decimal places.)

P(x > 2)

(h) Use the probabilities you computed in part b to calculate the mean, μx, the variance, σ 2x, and the standard deviation, σx, of this binomial distribution. Show that the formulas for μx , σ 2x, and σx given in this section give the same results. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round final answers to µx and σ 2x in to 2 decimal places, and σx in to 6 decimal places.)

µx

σ2x

σx

(i) Calculate the interval [μx ± 2σx]. Use the probabilities of part b to find the probability that x will be in this interval. Hint: When calculating probability, round up the lower interval to next whole number and round down the upper interval to previous whole number. (Round your answers to 5 decimal places. A negative sign should be used instead of parentheses.)

The interval is [ , ].

P( ≤ x ≤ ) =

3.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 14 The mean of the binomial distribution is equ…
The mean of the binomial distribution is equal to:

p

np

(n) (p) (1-p)

px (1-p)n-x
5.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 25 A fair die is rolled 10 times. What is the p…
A fair die is rolled 10 times. What is the probability that an odd number (1, 3, or 5) will occur less than 3 times?

.1550

.8450

.0547

.7752

.1172
8.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 31 If n = 20 and p = .4, then the mean of the b…
If n = 20 and p = .4, then the mean of the binomial distribution is

.4

4.8

8

12
10.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 36 The probability that a given computer chip w…
The probability that a given computer chip will fail is 0.02. Find the probability that of 5 delivered chips, exactly 2 will fail.

.9039

.0000

.0922

.0038
12.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 38 In the most recent election, 19% of all elig…
In the most recent election, 19% of all eligible college students voted. If a random sample of 20 students were surveyed:
Find the probability that exactly half voted in the election.

.4997

.0014

.0148

.0000
13.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 39 In the most recent election, 19% of all elig…
In the most recent election, 19% of all eligible college students voted. If a random sample of 20 students were surveyed:
Find the probability that none of the students voted.

.0148

.4997

.0014

.0000
21.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 55 For a random variable X, the mean value of t…
For a random variable X, the mean value of the squared deviations of its values from their expected value is called its

Standard Deviation

Mean

Probability

Variance
25.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 62 If the probability distribution of X is:&nbs…
If the probability distribution of X is:

What is the expected value of X?

2.25

2.24

1.0

5.0

26.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 63 If the probability distribution of X is:&nbs…
If the probability distribution of X is:

What is the variance of X?

5.0
→
1.0

2.25

2.24

28.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 66 A vaccine is 95 percent effective. What is t…
A vaccine is 95 percent effective. What is the probability that it is not effective for, more than one out of 20 individuals?

.3774

.7359
→
.2641

.3585
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 – [P(X = 0) + p(X = 1)]
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 – [(.3585) + (.3774)] = .2641

29.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 67 If the probability of a success on a single …
If the probability of a success on a single trial is .2, what is the probability of obtaining 3 successes in 10 trials if the number of successes is binomial?

.1074

.2013

.5033

.0031

31.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 78 For a binomial process, the probability of s…
For a binomial process, the probability of success is 40% and the number of trials is 5.
Find the expected value.

5.0

1.1

1.2

2.0
E[X] = (5) (.40) = 2
32.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 79 For a binomial process, the probability of s…
For a binomial process, the probability of success is 40% and the number of trials is 5.
Find the variance.

1.1
→
1.2

5.0

2.0

33.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 80 For a binomial process, the probability of s…
For a binomial process, the probability of success is 40% and the number of trials is 5.
Find the standard deviation.

1.1

5.0

2.0

1.2

34.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 82 For a binomial process, the probability of s…
For a binomial process, the probability of success is 40% and the number of trials is 5.
Find P(X > 4).

.0102

.0778

.0870

.3370
P(X = 5) = (.4)5 = .0102
37.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 92 If X has the probability distribution%…
If X has the probability distribution

compute the expected value of X.

0.5

0.7

1.0

0.3
E[X] = -1(.2) + 0(.3) + 1(.5) = .3
38.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 93 If X has the probability distribution%…
If X has the probability distribution

compute the expected value of X.

1.3

2.4

1.0

1.8
E[X] = (-2) (.2) + (-1) (.2) + (1) (.2) + (2) (.2) + (9) (.2) = 1.8
40.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 95 X has the following probability distribution…
X has the following probability distribution P(X):

Compute the variance value of X.

1.58

.625
→
.850

.955
E[X] = (1) (.1) + (2) (.5) + (3) (.2) + (4) (.2) = 2.5
= (1 – 2.5)2 (.1) + (2 – 2.5)2 (.5) + (3 – 2.5)2 (.2) + (4 – 2.5)2 (.2) = .850
41.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 99 Consider the experiment of tossing a fair co…
Consider the experiment of tossing a fair coin three times and observing the number of heads that result (X = number of heads).
Determine the expected number of heads.

1.1

1.5

1.0

2.0

42.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 100 Consider the experiment of tossing a fair co…
Consider the experiment of tossing a fair coin three times and observing the number of heads that result (X = number of heads).
What is the variance for this distribution?
→
0.75

0.87

1.22

1.5

44.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 102 Consider the experiment of tossing a fair co…
Consider the experiment of tossing a fair coin three times and observing the number of heads that result (X = number of heads).
If you were asked to play a game in which you tossed a fair coin three times and were given $2 for every head you threw, how much would you expect to win on average?

$6
→
$3

$9

$2

46.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 104 According to data from the state blood progr…
According to data from the state blood program, 40% of all individuals have group A blood. If six (6) individuals give blood, find the probability that None of the individuals has group A blood?

.0467

.4000

.0041

.0410
View Hint #1
47.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 105 According to data from the state blood progr…
According to data from the state blood program, 40% of all individuals have group A blood. If six (6) individuals give blood, find the probability that Exactly three of the individuals has group A blood?

.4000

.2765

.5875

.0041
48.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 106 According to data from the state blood progr…
According to data from the state blood program, 40% of all individuals have group A blood. If six (6) individuals give blood, find the probability that At least 3 of the individuals have group A blood.

.4557

.8208

.1792

.5443
P(x ≥ 3) = P(x = 3) + p(x = 4) + p(x = 5) + p(x = 6) = .4557
53.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 113 An important part of the customer service re…
An important part of the customer service responsibilities of a cable company relates to the speed with which trouble in service can be repaired. Historically, the data show that the likelihood is 0.75 that troubles in a residential service can be repaired on the same day. For the first five troubles reported on a given day, what is the probability that fewer than two troubles will be repaired on the same day?

.0010

.0146
→
.0156

.6328
P(x < 2) = P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) = .0156
56.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 116 The Post Office has established a record in …
The Post Office has established a record in a major Midwestern city for delivering 90% of its local mail the next working day. If you mail eight local letters, what is the probability that all of them will be delivered the next day.

1.0

.5695
→
.4305

.8131
P(x = 8) = .4305
57.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 117 The Post Office has established a record in …
The Post Office has established a record in a major Midwestern city for delivering 90% of its local mail the next working day. Of the eight, what is the average number you expect to be delivered the next day?

4.0

2.7

3.6

7.2
= np = (8) (.9) = 7.2
58.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 118 The Post Office has established a record in …
The Post Office has established a record in a major Midwestern city for delivering 90% of its local mail the next working day. Calculate the standard deviation of the number delivered when 8 local letters are mailed.

.72
→
.85

2.83

2.68
Σ = = = = .85
61.
award:
3 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 124 A large disaster cleaning company estimates …
A large disaster cleaning company estimates that 30% of the jobs it bids on are finished within the bid time. Looking at a random sample of 8 jobs that is has contracted calculate the mean number of jobs completed within the bid time.

2.0

5.6

4.0

2.4
= np = 8(.3) = 2.4
62.
award:
0 out of
3.00 points

MC Qu. 125 A large disaster cleaning company estimates …
A large disaster cleaning company estimates that 30% of the jobs it bids on are finished within the bid time. Looking at a random sample of 8 jobs that is has contracted find the probability that x (number of jobs finished on time) is within one standard deviation of the mean.
→
.5506

.6867

.8844

.7483
σ = √npq = 1.3. P(µ+/-σ) = P(2.4+/-1.3) = P(1.1≤X≤3.7) = P(2≤X≤3) = 0.2965+0.2541 = 0.5506

Econometrics Problem

February 11, 2023/in Accounting /by Rose

Econometrics Problem

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Econometrics/Fall 17 Homework Set #5

Explain the nature, cause and consequences of heteroscedasticity in your own words.

Detect possible heteroskedasticity in your equation–with four variables (in the previous assignment). Justify your answer (explain why there is/is not heteroskedasticity). Suggest corrective remedies (even if serial correlation is not detected).

In a metropolitan center with more than four million residences and 51 municipalities, housing prices increase across the board above the national average yet the municipalities show uneven housing-price changes. You are a young economist hired to help understand the nature of the region’s housing affordability. Statistical analyses are needed to provide policy measures to keep the housing prices at or below the national growth rate. You are given access to a local library. Quarterly sales and prices and other necessary records are available for the last twenty-five years in 40 different metropolitan areas. Your job is to design and execute a regression analysis. After doing a brief literature search, design an econometric study to determine the determinants of housing price growth. Prepare a proposal including a model, its justification, expectations, possible tests for robustness and any other creative elements to prove yourself.

After a brief research, come up with two models (your own): one could convincingly benefit from a distributed lag variable and another again convincingly dynamic (autoregressive) scheme. Discuss the pros and cons of these versions specific to your models. And if there are any possible issues how to correct them.

Forecast, with the four-independent-variable model you used in the previous assignment, the poverty rate for:
average values; and b. two years past the most recent period after extrapolating dependent variables. Explain your reasoning and method of extrapolation
also estimate the 95% confidence interval for both estimates
also explain factors that could further improve your forecasts.

ACCOUNTING

Economics Homework

Create SFAS Table

Create SFAS Table

Anthropology Discussions

ACCOUNTING

The Correlation Coefficient

Chapter 6_Aplia_Economics_2016

ECON 2300 CH 5 Quiz

Econometrics Problem

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