Concept Map And Case Analysis Nursing Care Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders

Read the following case and construct a concept map, and complete a case analysis.   Please see criteria for concept Maps and case analysis. Posting as attachment.

Concept Maps

As you learned in Unit 1, a concept map is a visual tool that assists you with organizing and prioritizing care and interventions. The concept maps you create for Assignments 1 should demonstrate an understanding of the acute or chronic condition(s) experienced by the person featured in each case by illustrating links and cross links between different relevant concepts described in the case study.  It is preferable that you create the concept map in a word document to ensure clarity and legibility. To avoid formatting issues, you may choose to save your concept map as a .pdf file and submit as a separate file from your case analysis discussion. If creation of the concept map on the computer is an exceptional challenge, then connect with your course tutor about other ways you may submit the concept map diagram. Some students have created the concept map on paper and then simply submitted a photo. The main guiding principle is that your concept map is legible for the tutor to review and mark. Concept Map And Case Analysis Nursing Care Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders

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Below is the marking guide with clear indications of the criteria for the concept map. As you create your concept maps, reflect back on the criteria to ensure they are addressed and that your map presents a holistic picture of the patient. Concept Map And Case Analysis Nursing Care Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders

Case Analysis Discussion

For the case analysis, you will have the opportunity to choose three questions for your discussion.

 

Marking Criteria for Concept Maps/Case Analysis

Concept Mapping – 10 Marks	Approaching Expectation	Meeting Expectation	Exceeding Expectation	Marks
Concepts (Knowledge)	Insufficient concepts selected relating to topic Arrangement of concepts demonstrates a little understanding of relationship between them Relationships between concepts are weak	Acceptable number of concepts selected, with some relationships to topic Arrangement of concepts demonstrates some understanding of relationship between them Relationships make some logical sense	Most concepts and all significant concepts selected and they clearly relate to the topic Arrangement of concepts demonstrates complete and insightful understanding of relationship between them Relationships make logical sense	/2.5
Nursing Care Plan	Poor priority chosen weak relationship to case study Lacking in evidence-based interventions Not in SMART format No evaluation strategy discussed. Concept Map And Case Analysis Nursing Care Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders	Acceptable priority chosen Is missing some elements of required plan Some appropriate evidenced-based interventions are listed	Based on correct top priority Contains all required elements: nursing diagnosis, goal/outcome, interventions, and evaluation statement Interventions are appropriate Written in SMART format	/2.5
Hierarchical Structure (Nursing Priorities)	Only a few concepts connected in a hierarchical structure	Some concepts connected in a hierarchical listed in priority	Most or all concepts listed in priority	/3
Linkages (Thinking)	A few relationships indicated by connecting lines Only a few lines labeled with linking words Many errors in the linking words. Concept Map And Case Analysis Nursing Care Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders	Some relationships indicated by connecting lines Some lines labeled with linking words Some errors in the linking words	Most or all relationships indicated by connecting lines All lines labeled with linking words Most or all linking words are accurate and varied	/2
Case Analysis – 5 Marks	No or minimal professional scholarly evidence is seen Use of layman sources i.e. WebMD etc. Is not within word count (250 – 400words per question) Too much adjunct information Minimal demonstration of current APA  formatting	Good response to questions with limited scholarly support Is within word count 250 – 400 words per question Too much adjunct information that is not needed Mostly accurate demonstration of current APA formatting	Excellent response to questions with professional and scholarly supporting sources Is within word count 250 – 400 words per question Information is pithy (succinct) Excellent demonstration of current APA formatting	/5

 

 

Case Study #1

James

History of Presenting Illness (HPI)

James is a 66-year-old First Nations man who came to the emergency department with 5 days of progressing shortness of breath. He is now short of breath at rest, has orthopnea, and a decreased appetite. He is feeling increasingly fatigued and has swollen legs bilaterally. Today he started to feel lightheaded with palpitations which brough him to seek medical help. He states he used to weight 86kg but in the past few weeks has an increased weight gain of 92kg.

Health History

Hypertension

Coronary artery disease

NIDDM (non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)

Infrequent social ETOH

No illicit drug misuses

Half pack per day smoker

BMI at baseline 27 (overweight)

Home Medications

ASA 81mg Daily

Rosuvastatin 10mg Daily

Perindopril 4mg Daily

Amlodipine 5mg Daily

Metformin 500mg BID

Gliclazide 80mg Daily

 

Physical Assessment and Diagnostics on Admission

General Appearance: Appears fatigued and anxious. Is walking in a steady but slow gait.

Neurological: Alert and orientated x3. GCS 15.

Respiratory: Speaking in short, clipped sentenced. Accessory muscle use. Short of breath at rest. Scattered coarse crackles throughout lung fields bilaterally. No cyanosis

Cardiovascular: S1 S2 and S3 auscultated, heartrate is rapid and irregular. Pulses palpable and weak. Skin pink, moist, and cool to extremities, with +3 edema from knees to feet bilaterally. Cap refill 3 seconds.

Gastrointestinal: Abdomen soft, non-tender. Regular BM today, passing flatus, bowel sounds present x4 Decreased appetite. Moist mucus membranes. Concept Map And Case Analysis Nursing Care Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders.

Genitourinary: Voiding without difficulty, urine clear yellow. No bladder distention noted

Integumentary/ Musculoskeletal: Motor power strong x4. Skin is intact, no visible lesions, rashes, or wounds

Psychosocial: Lives with wife and 3 grandchildren. States he often forgets to take medications or pick up refills at the pharmacy. He is concerned over expenses of caring for his young grandchildren. He states he is also worried about who will care for the children when he is in hospital or going to follow-up appointments. He states his wife cannot handle the 3 children on her own. He is covered under the non-insured health benefits (NIHB) program of Indigenous services Canada.

Vital Signs: Temp. 36.5, HR 138, RR 26, BP 158/72, 02 saturation 86% RA. Denies pain

Diagnostics

12 lead ECG demonstrated Atrial fibrillation

(Chiorescu et al, 2017).

ECHO demonstrated Ejection fraction of <40%

 

Blood Work

CBC: Hemoglobin 142g/L (120-160), Platelets 160 (130-380), WBC 5.2 (3.5-10.5)

Electrolytes: Sodium 136 mEq/L (135-145), Potassium 4.2 mEq/L (3.5-5.0), Chloride 100 mEq/L (98-107), fasting glucose 8.2 mmol/L (<5.6 =normal, 5.6- 6.9 = impaired glucose, >7 = diabetes)

A1C 7.6% (<5.7= normal, 5.7-6.4% = Pre diabetes or at risk, >6.5% = diabetes)

Renal panel: Creatine 178 (53-106mcmol/L) , eGFR 36 ml/min (>60 ml/min)

Cardiac markers: Troponin T high sensitivity 38 (3-14 ng/L) , NT proBNP >1800 pm/ml (<100pg/ml)

 

Working Diagnosis

New onset Congestive Heart Failure (systolic heart failure with ejection fraction <40%)

New diagnosis uncontrolled Atrial fibrillation

In-hospital Treatment and Course

Oxygen applied to maintain 02 saturations >92% (successfully weaned off day 3 of admission)

IV diuretics, furosemide 40mg IVPB BID x3 days (successfully decreased fluid volume)

Cardiac Ablation was performed once stable on day 5 due to persistent Atrial fibrillation not managed with pharmacologic interventions (successfully resulting in restored Normal Sinus rhythm)

Low sodium diet and fluid restriction 1.5L/day

Daily weights (discharge weight 88kg)

Medication adjustments (see new discharge medication list)

Vital signs at discharge: Temp. 36.7, HR 86, RR 18, O2 95% RA, BP 135/68.

Cardiac and Respiratory assessment as discharge: No SOB or accessory muscle use. Lungs clear throughout with adequate air entry. S1 S2, no S3/S4, Skin pink, warm, dry. Cap refill 2-3 seconds. +1 edema to ankles bilaterally. Heart rate regular, and strong. Concept Map And Case Analysis Nursing Care Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders

New Discharge Medications

ASA 81mg Daily

Amlodipine 5mg Daily (discontinued)

Carvedilol 3.125mg PO BID (*new)

Gliclazide MR 80mg PO daily (*new dose/formulation)

Metformin 500mg PO TID (*new dose)

Perindopril 8mg PO daily (*new dose)

Rosuvastatin 10mg PO daily

Spironolactone 25mg PO BID (*new)

Discharge Orders

 

Follow-up with Cardiologist in 3 months for repeat ECHO, 12 lead ECG, stress test, blood work, and physical assessment. Return to emergency department if symptoms of SOB, palpitations, weight gain, edema or fatigue return. Monitor and record daily weights and blood glucose. Strict medication compliance, fluid restriction 1.5/day, and low sodium diet.

 

 

Concept Map and Nursing Care Plan

For assignment 1 concept map and case analysis you are the RN in charge of James’ care and you want to develop a nursing care plan to provide direction for James’ discharge . Use the assessment data and information in the case scenario to guide your development of the one-page only concept map visual diagram. Identify and outline 6-10 nursing care priorities related to this case scenario and number the care priorities in level of importance. Include lines and arrows to visually display relationships and connections among concepts. Include linking words with the lines to indicate the nature of the connection or relationship (for example: leads to, influences, contributes to, results in, etc.)

Include a full nursing care plan (nursing diagnosis, SMART goals, nursing interventions supported with credible and current sources of evidence, and evaluation statements) with the first nursing care priority you have identified. This can be completed as an appendix attached to the paper portion of the assignment. Refer to the Assignment 1 and 2 marking guide in the Assessment Overview for further direction of the requirements of the concept map as well as case analysis. You may also find it useful to go back to Unit 1 and review the content related to Concept Mapping. Keep in mind the concept map in Unit 1 is not as fully detailed as we expect your concept map to be. The concept map is worth 65% of your entire mark for this assignment, so spend your time constructing this.

Choose three questions from the case analysis list below that correlate to your learning needs. Ensure that you are adequately integrating the case of James into your discussion. Answers for each question are limited to 250 – 400 words (per question) and you are expected to use credible and current sources of evidence to support your discussion. Please refer to the Using Evidence in Scholarly Writing document in the References & Help section of the course homepage. The case analysis discussion must also be written in APA formatting and citation style, you do not need to include and intro or conclusion.

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Case Analysis Questions

1. What dietary changes are recommended for heart failure and why?

2. Explain pre-load, afterload, and Frank Starling principle.

3. What are James’ risk factors for heart failure? Which ones are modifiable vs non-modifiable?

4. What is the difference between a dihydropyridine and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker? Why was James prescribed Amlodipine prior to hospital admission?

5. What electrolyte abnormalities are anticipated in Heart failure patients and why?

6. Why are James’ troponin T High sensitivity levels elevated if he is not having an MI? List reasons why troponins may be elevated. At what range are troponin T High sensitivity levels indicative of an MI?

7. Why does James have a high creatinine and low eGFR? Explain the relationship Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and heart failure.

8. What are 3 discharge priority teachings for James?

9. What allied health professional would you collaborate with to prepare James for discharge and why?

10. What is a cardiac ablation and what are 3 discharge teaching points for James after this procedure?

11. James is not interested in smoking cessation. You overhear a healthcare professional at the front desk say “I don’t know why we provide free healthcare to those who refuse to quit substance use. It’s just a waste of our hard-earned taxpayer money”. Discuss how these comments do not meet CARNA competency #2.5 “Identifies the influence of personal values, beliefs, and positional power on clients and the health-care team and acts to reduce bias and influences”. What 2 alternative competencies could be integrated in James’ care? Provide rationale. Concept Map And Case Analysis Nursing Care Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders

Resources Used

Canadian Cardiovascular Society. (2021). CCS/CHFS heart failure guidelines: defining a new pharmacologic standard of care for heart failure wit reduced ejection fraction. Retrieved from https://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(21)00055-6/fulltext#secsectitle0010 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2021.01.017

Chiorescu, I.M., Dabija, E., Statescu, C., Grecu, M., & Georgescu, C.A. (2017). Diagnosis and management of wide QRS regular tachycardia. Research Gate DOI: 10.22551/2017.15.0402.10101

Darby, A. (2014). Management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. Journal of Atrial Fibrillation 7(2):1105. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5135259/#:~:text=Pharmacologic%20options%20for%20controlling%20the,tone%20on%20the%20atrioventricular%20node.

Fine, N.M. (2020). Heart failure (HF). Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary. Merck Manuals Retrieved from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/heart-failure/heart-failure-hf#v935899

Fine, N.M. (2020). Drugs for heart failure. Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary. Merck Manuals. Retrieved from https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/heart-failure/drugs-for-heart-failure

Pagana, K. D., Pagana, T.J, Pike-MacDonald, S.A. (2013). Mosby’s manual of diagnostic and laboratory tests. 1st Canadian Ed. Elsevier

 

Hypertension Canada. (2015). XIII. Treatment of hypertension in association with heart failure. Retrieved from https://guidelines.hypertension.ca/prevention-treatment/hypertension-with-heart-failure/. Concept Map And Case Analysis Nursing Care Of Patients With Cardiovascular Disorders