Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

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Discussion 1   (Everton)

Module 2 Discussion

Hypertension & Teaching Points of Antihypertensive Drugs

Briefly describe the therapeutic actions of drugs affecting blood pressure (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCB, sympathetic nervous system drugs).

High blood pressure medications are medications that are prescribed and used to lower a patient’s blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels, reducing the amount of pressure it takes for the blood to flow through the body by making it easier for the heart to pump blood (Cleveland Clinic 2022). There are many types of high blood pressure medications, each brings the blood pressure down in its own specific ways. For instance, angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors are high blood pressure medications that stop the body from making angiotensin II, which constricts the blood vessels (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). According to Cleveland Clinic (2022), another form of high blood pressure medication is angiotensin II receptor blockers which are similar to angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors but instead keep angiotensin II from constricting the blood vessels. There are also three types of diuretics, loop, thiazide, and potassium- sparing, which all assist the kidneys in excreting extra fluid and salt into the urine which in turn helps dilate the blood vessels (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Calcium channel blockers are blood pressure medications that keep calcium out of the blood vessels which help the heart muscle relax (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

What important teaching points should be addressed for patients receiving antihypertensive drugs?

When teaching a patient about high blood pressure medications, it is important that the patient understands the side effects of taking them in order to prevent any complications. According to the American Heart Association (2021), angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors can cause angioedema, skin rash, and a hacking cough. Therefore, it is important to educate the patient on going to the emergency room if they are have symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as swelling to the mouth, tongue, or throat. With this medication, it is also important to teach not to eat or drink things with too much potassium as this angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors can increase potassium in the body. As high blood pressure medications are intended to lower the patient’s blood pressure, it is also important to educate the patient and family on not getting up or making sudden movements too fast within the hour of taking the medications as they can cause dizziness due to a sudden drop in the blood pressure with these movements. Due to the excess excretion of fluids from the body, diuretics can specifically cause a patient to become dizzy. If a patient needs assistance with ambulating, it is important to educate the family on ensuring someone is available to assist the patient to the rest room and keeping them close to one due to the increased risk of falling when having to constantly urinate. As high blood pressure medications could also be used for other medical conditions, it is also very important to educate the patient and their families on a strict medication schedule. Taking high blood pressure medications too close together can cause the blood pressure to drop significantly in a short time frame, leading to a sudden decrease in the blood pressure resulting in dizziness as well. In addition, it is important to emphasize not to suddenly stop taking these high blood pressure medications, as well as not changing the regimen on taking them without speaking with the primary care provider (American Heart Association, 2021). Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

References:

Types of blood pressure medication (antihypertensives). Cleveland Clinic. (2022, April 29). Retrieved June 30, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21811-antihypertensives

Discussion 2 (Maria)

Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Diuretics

Diuretics act by removing sodium and chloride ions from the body in the urine. This process helps remove water from the blood, thus lowering the blood pressure.  Thiazide diuretics not only decrease fluids but also cause blood vessels to relax.  This class of diuretics is commonly used as the first-line treatment for hypertension.  Additionally, we find that loop diuretics are the most potent type of diuretic but should not be used as a first-line treatment (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 267). Their mechanism action lowers the fluid buildup in the body by reducing sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henley causing water and sodium excretion. Loop diuretics are used to manage fluid overload in conditions such as heart failure and edema. Furthermore, we find potassium-sparing diuretics, which can clear sodium and water out of the body, but spare potassium. This class of medication is considered weaker and is usually prescribed as a second-line drug in patients taking other diuretics. It is used in the management of congestive heart failure (Burnier et al., 2019).

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

ACE inhibitors prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that releases hormones that raises blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels. The tightening of the blood vessels forces the heart to work harder. These medications are indicated for coronary artery disease, heart failure, and certain chronic kidney diseases (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 266)

Angiotensin Receptor Blocker

            ARBs are a newer class of antihypertensive that reduce the action of angiotensin II to widen the veins and arteries thus lowering blood pressure and making it easier for the heart to pump blood. They are usually used to treat kidney disease in people with diabetes (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 266).

Calcium Channel Blocker

CCBs are a well-established class of medications that are recommended to treat hypertension and prevent angina.  They work by blocking calcium ions from going into the muscles, this prevention in the entry of calcium into the heart and blood vessels allows the dilation of the arteries, thus decreasing elevated blood pressure. (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 267) Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Sympathetic Nervous System Drugs

As we know our sympathetic nervous system controls the body’s “fight or flight” during this response the heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure go up. Sympathetic nervous system drugs such as alpha and beta-blockers work by inhibiting receptors in the sympathetic nervous system.  These drugs are the beta-blockers that work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine causing the heart rate to slow down, and are used in arrhythmia, heart failure, and heart attacks. Additionally, the alpha-blockers work by preventing norepinephrine from constricting the walls of arteries and veins. Furthermore, the anticholinergic drugs block the activity of acetylcholine causing relaxation in the airways and controlling heart rate (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 267).

Important teaching points should be addressed for patients receiving antihypertensive drugs

            It is crucial for the patient to understand that healthy lifestyles help increase the effectiveness of the medications.  Losing weight, smoking cessation, low sodium intake, and regular exercise should be implemented in the plan of care for hypertensive patients.  The medication should be taken every day as prescribed on empty stomach for better absorption. Potassium and alcohol intake should also be limited (Dezsi, 2016). Patients need to understand that some people respond to one drug and not another. Although, these drugs can cause side effects but are usually well tolerated. Patients will probably try different medications until finding the appropriate in treating their condition. Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

References

Arcangelo, V.P., Peterson, A.M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4^th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Burnier, M., Bakris, G., & Williams, B. (2019). Redefining diuretics use in hypertension: Why select a thiazide-like diuretic? Journal of hypertension, 37(8), 1574-

Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

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Discussion 1   (Everton)

Module 2 Discussion

Hypertension & Teaching Points of Antihypertensive Drugs

Briefly describe the therapeutic actions of drugs affecting blood pressure (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, CCB, sympathetic nervous system drugs).

High blood pressure medications are medications that are prescribed and used to lower a patient’s blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels, reducing the amount of pressure it takes for the blood to flow through the body by making it easier for the heart to pump blood (Cleveland Clinic 2022). There are many types of high blood pressure medications, each brings the blood pressure down in its own specific ways. For instance, angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors are high blood pressure medications that stop the body from making angiotensin II, which constricts the blood vessels (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). According to Cleveland Clinic (2022), another form of high blood pressure medication is angiotensin II receptor blockers which are similar to angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors but instead keep angiotensin II from constricting the blood vessels. There are also three types of diuretics, loop, thiazide, and potassium- sparing, which all assist the kidneys in excreting extra fluid and salt into the urine which in turn helps dilate the blood vessels (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Calcium channel blockers are blood pressure medications that keep calcium out of the blood vessels which help the heart muscle relax (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

What important teaching points should be addressed for patients receiving antihypertensive drugs?

When teaching a patient about high blood pressure medications, it is important that the patient understands the side effects of taking them in order to prevent any complications. According to the American Heart Association (2021), angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors can cause angioedema, skin rash, and a hacking cough. Therefore, it is important to educate the patient on going to the emergency room if they are have symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as swelling to the mouth, tongue, or throat. With this medication, it is also important to teach not to eat or drink things with too much potassium as this angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors can increase potassium in the body. As high blood pressure medications are intended to lower the patient’s blood pressure, it is also important to educate the patient and family on not getting up or making sudden movements too fast within the hour of taking the medications as they can cause dizziness due to a sudden drop in the blood pressure with these movements. Due to the excess excretion of fluids from the body, diuretics can specifically cause a patient to become dizzy. If a patient needs assistance with ambulating, it is important to educate the family on ensuring someone is available to assist the patient to the rest room and keeping them close to one due to the increased risk of falling when having to constantly urinate. As high blood pressure medications could also be used for other medical conditions, it is also very important to educate the patient and their families on a strict medication schedule. Taking high blood pressure medications too close together can cause the blood pressure to drop significantly in a short time frame, leading to a sudden decrease in the blood pressure resulting in dizziness as well. In addition, it is important to emphasize not to suddenly stop taking these high blood pressure medications, as well as not changing the regimen on taking them without speaking with the primary care provider (American Heart Association, 2021). Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

References:

Types of blood pressure medication (antihypertensives). Cleveland Clinic. (2022, April 29). Retrieved June 30, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21811-antihypertensives

Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Discussion 2 (Maria)

Diuretics

Diuretics act by removing sodium and chloride ions from the body in the urine. This process helps remove water from the blood, thus lowering the blood pressure.  Thiazide diuretics not only decrease fluids but also cause blood vessels to relax.  This class of diuretics is commonly used as the first-line treatment for hypertension.  Additionally, we find that loop diuretics are the most potent type of diuretic but should not be used as a first-line treatment (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 267). Their mechanism action lowers the fluid buildup in the body by reducing sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henley causing water and sodium excretion. Loop diuretics are used to manage fluid overload in conditions such as heart failure and edema. Furthermore, we find potassium-sparing diuretics, which can clear sodium and water out of the body, but spare potassium. This class of medication is considered weaker and is usually prescribed as a second-line drug in patients taking other diuretics. It is used in the management of congestive heart failure (Burnier et al., 2019).

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

ACE inhibitors prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that releases hormones that raises blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels. The tightening of the blood vessels forces the heart to work harder. These medications are indicated for coronary artery disease, heart failure, and certain chronic kidney diseases (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 266)

Angiotensin Receptor Blocker

            ARBs are a newer class of antihypertensive that reduce the action of angiotensin II to widen the veins and arteries thus lowering blood pressure and making it easier for the heart to pump blood. They are usually used to treat kidney disease in people with diabetes (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 266). Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Calcium Channel Blocker

CCBs are a well-established class of medications that are recommended to treat hypertension and prevent angina.  They work by blocking calcium ions from going into the muscles, this prevention in the entry of calcium into the heart and blood vessels allows the dilation of the arteries, thus decreasing elevated blood pressure. (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 267) Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Sympathetic Nervous System Drugs

As we know our sympathetic nervous system controls the body’s “fight or flight” during this response the heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure go up. Sympathetic nervous system drugs such as alpha and beta-blockers work by inhibiting receptors in the sympathetic nervous system.  These drugs are the beta-blockers that work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine causing the heart rate to slow down, and are used in arrhythmia, heart failure, and heart attacks. Additionally, the alpha-blockers work by preventing norepinephrine from constricting the walls of arteries and veins. Furthermore, the anticholinergic drugs block the activity of acetylcholine causing relaxation in the airways and controlling heart rate (Arcangelo et al., 2017, p. 267).

Important teaching points should be addressed for patients receiving antihypertensive drugs

            It is crucial for the patient to understand that healthy lifestyles help increase the effectiveness of the medications.  Losing weight, smoking cessation, low sodium intake, and regular exercise should be implemented in the plan of care for hypertensive patients.  The medication should be taken every day as prescribed on empty stomach for better absorption. Potassium and alcohol intake should also be limited (Dezsi, 2016). Patients need to understand that some people respond to one drug and not another. Although, these drugs can cause side effects but are usually well tolerated. Patients will probably try different medications until finding the appropriate in treating their condition. Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

References

Arcangelo, V.P., Peterson, A.M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4^th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Burnier, M., Bakris, G., & Williams, B. (2019). Redefining diuretics use in hypertension: Why select a thiazide-like diuretic? Journal of hypertension, 37(8), 1574-

Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

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Discussion 1   (Rosa)

Module 1 Discussion

Module 1

Ms. Jones brings 6-week-old Sam to the clinic because of a bright red rash in the diaper area that has become worse since she started putting over-the-counter antibiotic cream on it 3 days ago. Sam is diagnosed with a diaper candida or a yeast infection. Clotrimazole (Lotrimin) topical TID for 14 days to the diaper area has been prescribed.

Briefly describe the therapeutic actions of Clotrimazole (Lotrimin).

 Clotrimazole is a medication with broad-spectrum antimycotic activity. Dermal manifestations of tinea infections are seen globally and analyzed based on the affected body site (Woo et al., 2019). Clotrimazole belongs to a broader class of medications and is used to treat fungal infections of candidiasis involving the hair, skin, and nails. This medication should be applied orally, vaginally, or topically to treat itching, scaling, and the rash associated with candida. The therapeutic effect of Clotrimazole is achieved by inhibiting the growth of fungi by permeating the cytoplasmic membrane of Fungi. Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

The skin is the largest organ and first line of defense located in the human body by surface area. The barrier provided by the epidermis functions to protect from invading structures. Clotrimazole inhibits the production of sterols, particularly Ergosterol (Links to an external site.). This sterol is a vital component of the fungal cell membrane. As a result, damaging and disrupting the permeability of the cell membrane (National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI], 2022) The therapeutic effect of Clotrimazole is achieved when fungal growth has been inhibited. More specifically when the cytochrome P450 enzyme has been breached.

Best practices when using Clotrimazole include application to clean, dry skin and confinement to the affected area. It is usually applied twice a day or as indicated. Hands should be washed thoroughly after application. Discontinuing use before the designated time could cause the infection to return. Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Describe antifungal drug uses and side effects.

Topical antifungal medications can have high toxicity levels and should be used with caution. They are relatively safe when used as directed. The recent increase in the incidence of fungal infections has caused an expansion in over-the-counter medication usage. Careful consideration must be exercised when prescribing because antifungals impact the cell wall, and toxicity can occur. Some of the most common side side-effects include redness and irritation at the site of application, itching, skin rash, and blistering. Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Develop a teaching plan for Ms. Jones with age-appropriate considerations for Sam.

Appropriate education on the proper use of Clotrimazole will help the patient experience the therapeutic effects of the medication, provide resolution of the condition, and minimize side effects. Ms. Jones should be taught to keep the infected area clean and dry. More frequent diaper changes may be needed to accomplish this goal. Exposing the skin to air as much as possible is recommended because yeast tends to thrive in moist, dark environments. If Ms. Jones is using cloth diapers, she should be encouraged to use moisture-wicking, disposable diapers. If the cost associated with these diapers is an issue, a referral to community resources would be appropriate. Additionally, the medication should be applied to the skin after it has been cleaned with warm soapy water and for the recommended time frame to prevent reoccurrence.

References

Felgueiras H. P. (2021). An insight into biomolecules for the treatment of skin infectious diseases. Pharmaceutics, 13(7), 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071012

Discussion 2 (Michell)

Clotrimazole and Age-Appropriate Teaching Plan

Briefly describe the therapeutic actions of Clotrimazole (Lotrimin)

            Topical azole antifungals, such as Clotrimazole, impair the synthesis of ergosterol, the main sterol of the fungal cell membrane. The impairment of the synthesis creates increased permeability and leakage of cellular components, resulting in cell death (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Clotrimazole also has other pharmacological actions, including inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum ca2+ ATPase, depletion of intracellular calcium, and blocking of calcium-dependent potassium channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels (Khatter & Khan, 2021). For this reason, Clotrimazole is known as a synthetic imidazole with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity.

Describe antifungal drugs uses and side effects

            Antifungal drugs are fungicides that are effective against cutaneous candidiasis, tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and tinea cruris. According to Arcangelo et al. (2017), topical antifungals should be applied once or twice a day for two to four weeks, and therapy should continue for one week after the lesions clear. Clotrimazole is offered under several FDA-approved brand names, including topical lotions, powders, oral lozenges, and vaginal inserts/tablets (Khatter & Khan, 2021). Therapy is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation and should be used cautiously in patients with hepatocellular failure (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The adverse effects include pruritus, stinging, and irritation. Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Topical allylamine antifungals are effective against dermatophyte infections; however, it has limited effectiveness against yeast (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The dosage for this treatment is shorter with less likelihood of relapse. The potential side effects of allylamine antifungals include burning and irritation.

Griseofulvin is an oral antifungal effective for tinea capitis, which includes a treatment for a minimum of eight weeks (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The action of Griseofulvin deposits in keratin precursor cells increasing new keratin resistance to fungal invasion. Since this drug may aggravate lupus erythematosus, evaluation of hepatic, renal, and hematopoietic system is recommended prior to starting therapy (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The adverse effects include photosensitivity, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

The goal of therapy is directed at the offending fungus and site of infection. The treatment may be topical or systemic, depending on the location of the lesions. For example, systemic therapy is required for tinea capitis and tinea unguium. The primary treatment includes keeping the areas prone to fungal infections dry after bathing and applying powder, such as miconazole.

Develop a teaching plan for Ms. Jones including age-appropriate considerations for Sam

            Diaper Candida can develop due to prolonged contact with various agents, such as moisture, urine, and stool. Management includes the promotion of healing damaged skin and prevention of rash reoccurrence. Maintaining skin integrity and preventing further breakdown requires good hygiene. It is critical to clean and bathe the diaper area with a soap-free cleanser and water. Exposure to irritants, such as urine and feces, can be reduced by changing diapers frequently and using superabsorbent diapers, which help reduce skin over-hydration (Benitez Ojeda & Mendez, 2022). It is important to inform Ms. Jones that baby wipes should be free of soap, essential oils, other fragrances, and harsh detergents that can irritate the skin. The application of Clotrimazole should cover the affected area and surrounding skin. Most importantly, Ms. Jones must follow Clotrimazole treatment as directed for 14 days. Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

References

Arcangelo, P. V., Peterson, M. A., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, A. J. (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Wolters

Kluwer.

Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

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Discussion 1   (Rosa)

Module 1 Discussion

Module 1

Ms. Jones brings 6-week-old Sam to the clinic because of a bright red rash in the diaper area that has become worse since she started putting over-the-counter antibiotic cream on it 3 days ago. Sam is diagnosed with a diaper candida or a yeast infection. Clotrimazole (Lotrimin) topical TID for 14 days to the diaper area has been prescribed.Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Briefly describe the therapeutic actions of Clotrimazole (Lotrimin).

 Clotrimazole is a medication with broad-spectrum antimycotic activity. Dermal manifestations of tinea infections are seen globally and analyzed based on the affected body site (Woo et al., 2019). Clotrimazole belongs to a broader class of medications and is used to treat fungal infections of candidiasis involving the hair, skin, and nails. This medication should be applied orally, vaginally, or topically to treat itching, scaling, and the rash associated with candida. The therapeutic effect of Clotrimazole is achieved by inhibiting the growth of fungi by permeating the cytoplasmic membrane of Fungi.Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

The skin is the largest organ and first line of defense located in the human body by surface area. The barrier provided by the epidermis functions to protect from invading structures. Clotrimazole inhibits the production of sterols, particularly Ergosterol (Links to an external site.). This sterol is a vital component of the fungal cell membrane. As a result, damaging and disrupting the permeability of the cell membrane (National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI], 2022) The therapeutic effect of Clotrimazole is achieved when fungal growth has been inhibited. More specifically when the cytochrome P450 enzyme has been breached.Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Best practices when using Clotrimazole include application to clean, dry skin and confinement to the affected area. It is usually applied twice a day or as indicated. Hands should be washed thoroughly after application. Discontinuing use before the designated time could cause the infection to return.

Describe antifungal drug uses and side effects.

Topical antifungal medications can have high toxicity levels and should be used with caution. They are relatively safe when used as directed. The recent increase in the incidence of fungal infections has caused an expansion in over-the-counter medication usage. Careful consideration must be exercised when prescribing because antifungals impact the cell wall, and toxicity can occur. Some of the most common side side-effects include redness and irritation at the site of application, itching, skin rash, and blistering.

Develop a teaching plan for Ms. Jones with age-appropriate considerations for Sam.

Appropriate education on the proper use of Clotrimazole will help the patient experience the therapeutic effects of the medication, provide resolution of the condition, and minimize side effects. Ms. Jones should be taught to keep the infected area clean and dry. More frequent diaper changes may be needed to accomplish this goal. Exposing the skin to air as much as possible is recommended because yeast tends to thrive in moist, dark environments. If Ms. Jones is using cloth diapers, she should be encouraged to use moisture-wicking, disposable diapers. If the cost associated with these diapers is an issue, a referral to community resources would be appropriate. Additionally, the medication should be applied to the skin after it has been cleaned with warm soapy water and for the recommended time frame to prevent reoccurrence.

References

Felgueiras H. P. (2021). An insight into biomolecules for the treatment of skin infectious diseases. Pharmaceutics, 13(7), 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071012

Discussion 2 (Michell)

Clotrimazole and Age-Appropriate Teaching Plan

Briefly describe the therapeutic actions of Clotrimazole (Lotrimin)

            Topical azole antifungals, such as Clotrimazole, impair the synthesis of ergosterol, the main sterol of the fungal cell membrane. The impairment of the synthesis creates increased permeability and leakage of cellular components, resulting in cell death (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Clotrimazole also has other pharmacological actions, including inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum ca2+ ATPase, depletion of intracellular calcium, and blocking of calcium-dependent potassium channels and voltage-dependent calcium channels (Khatter & Khan, 2021). For this reason, Clotrimazole is known as a synthetic imidazole with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity.

Describe antifungal drugs uses and side effects

            Antifungal drugs are fungicides that are effective against cutaneous candidiasis, tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and tinea cruris. According to Arcangelo et al. (2017), topical antifungals should be applied once or twice a day for two to four weeks, and therapy should continue for one week after the lesions clear. Clotrimazole is offered under several FDA-approved brand names, including topical lotions, powders, oral lozenges, and vaginal inserts/tablets (Khatter & Khan, 2021). Therapy is contraindicated in pregnancy or lactation and should be used cautiously in patients with hepatocellular failure (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The adverse effects include pruritus, stinging, and irritation.

Topical allylamine antifungals are effective against dermatophyte infections; however, it has limited effectiveness against yeast (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The dosage for this treatment is shorter with less likelihood of relapse. The potential side effects of allylamine antifungals include burning and irritation.

Griseofulvin is an oral antifungal effective for tinea capitis, which includes a treatment for a minimum of eight weeks (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The action of Griseofulvin deposits in keratin precursor cells increasing new keratin resistance to fungal invasion. Since this drug may aggravate lupus erythematosus, evaluation of hepatic, renal, and hematopoietic system is recommended prior to starting therapy (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The adverse effects include photosensitivity, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

The goal of therapy is directed at the offending fungus and site of infection. The treatment may be topical or systemic, depending on the location of the lesions. For example, systemic therapy is required for tinea capitis and tinea unguium. The primary treatment includes keeping the areas prone to fungal infections dry after bathing and applying powder, such as miconazole.Discussion 2 Respond Pharm

Develop a teaching plan for Ms. Jones including age-appropriate considerations for Sam

            Diaper Candida can develop due to prolonged contact with various agents, such as moisture, urine, and stool. Management includes the promotion of healing damaged skin and prevention of rash reoccurrence. Maintaining skin integrity and preventing further breakdown requires good hygiene. It is critical to clean and bathe the diaper area with a soap-free cleanser and water. Exposure to irritants, such as urine and feces, can be reduced by changing diapers frequently and using superabsorbent diapers, which help reduce skin over-hydration (Benitez Ojeda & Mendez, 2022). It is important to inform Ms. Jones that baby wipes should be free of soap, essential oils, other fragrances, and harsh detergents that can irritate the skin. The application of Clotrimazole should cover the affected area and surrounding skin. Most importantly, Ms. Jones must follow Clotrimazole treatment as directed for 14 days.

References

Arcangelo, P. V., Peterson, M. A., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, A. J. (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Wolters

Kluwer.