Applying Ethical Principles

Applying Ethical Principles

Health care professionals often face ethical problems during their practice that require

them to use their moral values and principles when making decisions. The four fundamental

principles of health care ethics—autonomy, beneficence, nomaleficence, and justice—act as

yardsticks for fair and ethical decision-making. These ethical principles are widely accepted in

the field of health care. Medical practitioners and health care administrators often use these

principles to make decisions when faced with complex situations involving patients.

Overview of the Case Study

Betsy is a dedicated pediatric nurse known for the care and concern she shows her

patients. Her neighbor and friend, Alice, lives with her husband and 4-year-old daughter, Shirley.

Alice and her husband are followers of Christian Science, a belief that advocates spiritual healing

and discourages most types of medical intervention. One day, when visiting Alice and Shirley,

Betsy sees Shirley experience what seems like a seizure. Applying Ethical Principles The child suddenly becomes

unresponsive and has a brief staring spell, with her eyes rolling upward. The episode lasts for 20

seconds, during which she seems completely unaware of her surroundings. While Shirley is

having the seizure, Alice sits by her side and prays but takes no other action. Betsy is concerned

about the little girl’s condition and probes her friend for details. Alice tells Betsy that Shirley

used to have around 15–20 such episodes a day until a few months ago; this has now reduced to

about 12. Alice attributes the improvement in Shirley’s health to her prayers and faith. However,

this does not help Betsy feel comfortable about Shirley’s condition. She is almost certain that

Shirley has epilepsy, which, if not treated on time, could have profound health implications. At

the very least, she thinks Alice should have Shirley’s symptoms accurately diagnosed.

Comment [A2]: Remember to add an APA citation to the case study. Note: Each paragraph discussing the case study should have an APA citation. Applying Ethical Principles

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Understanding the gravity of the situation, Betsy sets up a meeting with Shirley’s parents

and Dr. Campbell, director of the neurology department at her hospital. She treats this meeting as

an intervention, and both she and Dr. Campbell express their concern for Shirley’s health. They

stress on the fact that the improvement in Shirley’s symptoms does not necessarily mean she will

be cured. They empathize with Alice and her husband’s reluctance on account of their religious

faith but reiterate the importance of getting Shirley’s symptoms diagnosed. To prove their point,

they present studies that describe how seizures can be indicative of illnesses such as epilepsy,

which could negatively affect her cognition and behavior. Shirley’s parents are grateful that

Betsy and Dr. Campbell are concerned about their daughter’s health but remain resolute about

going against their faith. They believe that prayer will cure her. Betsy is faced with an ethical

dilemma of whether she should respect the parents’ religious beliefs and not intervene in the

matter or perform her moral obligation as a health care professional.

Analysis of Ethical Issues in the Case Study

In the case study, the main factor that led to Betsy’s ethical dilemma is Shirley’s parents’

refusal of medical assistance for their daughter owing to their Christian Science beliefs. When

Betsy notices Shirley’s seizures, she thinks it is her duty to make sure Shirley receives medical

attention. As she respects the religious faith and belief of Shirley’s parents, she decides to

explain the risks that seizures could involve. She also includes Dr. Campbell in the conversation

so that he could provide an objective opinion to make them understand the need for medical

intervention. However, Shirley’s parents are certain that prayer will cure her seizures. Applying Ethical Principles

Considering that their attitude could result in serious health implication for Shirley, Betsy is

concerned about the little girl receiving appropriate medical attention (Baumrucker, et al., 2017).

Comment [A3]: Sub-headers, like these used here, are helpful in alerting the reader about topic changes.

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Using the Ethical Decision-Making Model to Analyze the Case Study

The three components of the ethical decision-making model—moral awareness, moral

judgment, and ethical behavior—can help analyze the ethical issue outlined in the case study.

Whereas moral awareness is knowledge of the existence of an ethical dilemma, moral judgment

involves choosing between the right and wrong actions when posed with such a dilemma. Both

moral awareness and moral judgment lead to ethical behavior. Ethical behavior is taking the right

action to resolve a dilemma. Betsy’s moral awareness is reflected by the fact that she recognizes

the circumstances surrounding Shirley’s condition. Applying Ethical Principles Her moral judgment is reflected by her

decision to try to convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medical help because she believed

that it was the right thing to do. Betsy’s ethical behavior constitutes the action she takes to

resolve the dilemma. This, in turn, depends on her personal judgment and the four principles of

health care ethics (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice) she should abide by as a

health care professional.

Effectiveness of Communication Approaches in the Case Study

Listening plays an important role in patient–physician communication. By listening to

Alice, Betsy learns of the frequency of Shirley’s seizures and the reduction in their occurrence.

She also learns that Alice and her husband believe that this reduction is due to their prayers and

faith in Christian Science. Therefore, active listening helps Betsy understand the situation better.

Betsy is aware that if she decides to get medical help for Shirley without the consent of

Shirley’s parents, she would be violating their right to informed consent and overstepping her

boundaries as a health care professional. Applying Ethical Principles So, she decides to present them with the information

they need to make an informed decision. She maintains an open communication with Shirley’s

parents while explaining the impact of seizures on their daughter’s health. She stresses the

Comment [A4]: You effectively used the 3 components of an ethical decision-making model to analyze this ethical issue.

Comment [A5]: This section shows your good critical thinking regarding communication approaches to use!

APPLYING ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 5

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importance of immediate diagnosis of Shirley’s seizures. Thus, by being respectful of Shirley’s

parents’ emotions and providing them with complete information about the problem, Betsy

communicates the situation to them in an effective manner. Applying Ethical Principles

During the discussion with Shirley’s parents, both Betsy and Dr. Campbell are

empathetic toward Alice and her husband’s reluctance to get the necessary medical help for their

daughter on account of their religious faith. Betsy seems to have involved Dr. Campbell so that

he could share his objective expert opinion based on his experience in dealing with patients who

have similar symptoms. She probably thought that Shirley’s parents would change their decision

if Dr. Campbell reiterated that Shirley could develop severe cognitive problems (such as learning

difficulties and memory deficits) or behavioral problems (such as irritability, anxiety,

hyperactivity, and mood swings) if her seizures are neglected. However, they were unable to

convince Shirley’s parents to get Shirley medically diagnosed. Applying Ethical Principles

Although Betsy followed a systematic approach while dealing with the issue at hand, it

seems to have been ineffective as Shirley’s parents continued to stand by their faith in prayer.

However, listening patiently to patients’ problems and showing empathy and genuine care while

communicating with them are some lessons that health care professionals can take back from this

case study.

Resolving the Ethical Dilemma by Applying Ethical Principles

The four ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are

often employed to resolve ethical dilemmas related to health care. Autonomy refers to accepting

and understanding patients’ values, beneficence refers to acting for the welfare of patients,

nonmaleficence refers to not doing harm to the patient, and justice refers to treating patients

fairly without bias. Applying Ethical Principles

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The ethical dilemma that Betsy faces in this case involves three of the four basic

principles of medical ethics. In the case study, the ethical dilemma is caused by the conflict

between the principles of autonomy on the one hand and beneficence and nonmaleficence on the

other. Betsy preserves the autonomy of Shirley’s parents by respecting their religious beliefs and

not coercing them to get the girl correctly diagnosed. She further ropes in Dr. Campbell to try to

explain to them the importance of getting an accurate diagnosis.

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Approaching Child Protective Services—a social service agency run by the government

to counsel and support children and their families and promote child welfare—could be

considered by Betsy as an ethical means to resolve the dilemma. As Betsy is obligated to help

Shirley get medical care (beneficence) and prevent any harm that might be caused from ignoring

her seizures (non maleficence), she could seek intervention from Child Protective Services.

Although involving Child Protective Services could result in overriding the ethical principle of

autonomy, Betsy might have to take this decision keeping Shirley’s best interests in mind

(Baumrucker et al., 2017). Applying Ethical Principles

Conclusion

The four principles of health care ethics can be applied by health care professionals to

analyze and resolve ethical dilemmas. In the case study, Betsy has to decide between respecting

Shirley’s parents’ religious beliefs and performing her moral obligation as a health care

professional by helping Shirley seek medical care. The proposed solution involves upholding the

principles of autonomy, beneficence, and non maleficence to resolve Betsy’s ethical dilemma.

Comment [A6]: You provided a clear plan on how to address this issue. Also, the proposed solution is based on ethical principles. Applying Ethical Principles

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References

Baumrucker, S. J., Easterday, J., Stolick, M., McCall-Burton, M., Adkins, R. W., Winiger, D., &

Cook, C. (2017). Ethics roundtable: Parental autonomy and the minor patient. American

Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 287–292. Retrieved from

http://journals.sagepub.com.library.capella.edu/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049909115608812

Capella University (2018). NHS-FP4000 Exemplar Sample Ethical Case Study. Retrieved from

Capella Website: xxx. Applying Ethical Principles

Comment [A7]: Your paper is well- researched with the inclusion of recently published academic journal article! It is a best practice to use articles published in the last 3- 5 years.

Comment [A8]: NOTE: This case study was created exclusively for the purpose of this exemplar and was not reproduced from any source. Replace this with the citation from the case study you use Applying Ethical Principles