Comment 1

The four most commonly used designs for research studies are descriptive, correlational, quasi- experimenal, and experimental.”(Grove, Gray & Burns, 2015). Descriptive and correlational designs can be referred to as non-experimental designs because the focus is on examining variables as they naturally occur in environments and not in the implementation of a treatment by the researcher.

In experimental design researchers uses random assignment and they manipulate an independent variable around a controlled variable. A true experimental design there must be randomization, a control group and manipulation of a variable when examining the direct cause or predicted relationships between variables. In a quasi-experiment one of these aspects is missing.(Sousa, Driessnack & Menders, 2007).

A non experimental research design focuses on examining variables as they would naturally occur, types of nonexperimental research designs are: survey, case studies, correlation studies, comparative studies and descriptive studies. Non experimental designs have no random assignments, no control groups and no manipulation of variables, the research design is observation only.(Sousa, Driessnack & Menders,

2007).

Comment 2

Experimental research is the most powerful quantitative method. It has a rigourous control of the variables. It is an objective, systematic, and highly controlled investigation conducted for predicting and controlling phenomena (Grove, 2017). During the experimental design, the researcher uses random assignment. They also manipulate an independent variable around a controlled variable. In a true experimental design, there must be randomization, a control group, and manipulation of a variable while examining the direct cause or predicted relationships between variables.

Non-experimental research is research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions or both. It focuses on examining variables as they would naturally occur. Some of the examples of the experimental research are: survey, case studies, comparative studies, and descriptive studies. This type of research has no random assignments, no control groups, and no manipulation of variables. The research method is observation only.

Experimental research provides convincing evidence that changes with an independent variable. Thus, it results in the differences in a dependent variable. On the other hand, non-experimental research does not cause any changes in the independent variable

This is a continuation of your final project, which you started in Week 3. This last piece involves an analysis of how your individual’s contribution from the past continues to contribute to today’s public health system and how it might guide future work within the industry. As you recall, in week 3, you researched an individual and their contribution to community and public health. To begin, you need to review the feedback given to you from Week 3. Then, make the necessary revisions to Part I of this project. Then, you will be adding the second half to your project. 

Follow this outline to help formulate your paper or presentation:

ACTION: Make sure you review all the feedback from your Week 3 (Part I) assignment and apply any necessary revisions. Your week 3 assignment should have included each of the following elements:

• GRADED ELEMENT : Describe your selected person’s experience
• GRADED ELEMENT : Analyze the climate of the time period in terms of political, socioeconomic, environmental and technological context in which this person worked.
• GRADED ELEMENT : Examine the personal beliefs of your person that prompted this work.
• GRADED ELEMENT : Examine how this individual overcame any adversities to succeed in his/her task.
• GRADED ELEMENT : Describe the final outcome of this individual’s contribution to community and/or public health.
• GRADED ELEMENT : Explain what his/her contribution did for overall community and/or public health at the time.
• GRADED ELEMENT : Explain why this contribution was so important at that particular point in history.

ACTION: Think about the individual’s contribution to community/public health

• GRADED ELEMENT : Analyze the impact of your individual’s contribution on today’s public health system.
  • HELP: You are asking “what happened as a result of this contribution at the national and community level?” For example, some elements you could address include:
    • did it change attitudes
    • did it change protocols and policies
    • did behavior change result
    • did it add/eliminate laws
• GRADED ELEMENT : Analyze how this contribution is still relevant today
  • HELP: Was this contribution only applicable at the time it occurred, or is it still applied today? Why or why not? Explain your response
• GRADED ELEMENT : Examine how this contribution could support or be expanded for future community and public health benefits
  • HELP: Using solid critical thinking, look at the historical value of the contribution and examine how it could be used for the future (is it applicable to another health issue, can it lead to more policy change, could it promote advocacy work or public health laws, etc.)

You have a choice of which format you wish to present your findings:
 

Format 1: Written Paper

• Must be at least 6 pages in length (not including title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
• Must include a separate title page with the following:
  • Title of paper
  • Students name
  • Course name and number
  • Instructor’s name
  • Date submitted
• Must use at least eight scholarly sources (one of those may be the course text).
• Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
• Must include a separate reference page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

OR
 

Format 2: Presentation (w/audio or w/speaker’s notes)

• Must be at least 18 minutes in length (not including title and reference slides) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
  • Must include a separate title slide with the following:
  • Title of presentation
  • Students name
  • Course name and number
  • Instructor’s name
  • Date submitted
• Must use at least eight scholarly sources (one of those may be the course text).
• Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center

1-This is a tough topic.  Here you are, a working family, you are going to school to better yourself even further and you millions of others are still faced with these decisions about health care.  When you say you pray I know you mean that literally because our daughter is in the same boat.  My husband keeps talking about wanting to retire early but he just does not understand the cost of having good health care.  I will probably be working until I am 90 because I will be afraid of Medicare and not being able to afford good care.  Wish we had better answers but we are not getting anywhere fast…that’s for sure. 

2-The most important elements of the Affordable Care Act were to get more people insured, to keep costs down and to improve overall care and outcomes.  New laws were to make affordable health insurance available to more people.  The law would provide consumers with premium tax credits that will lower costs for households that qualify.  To qualify households must have incomes between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level. Another component was to expand the Medicaid program.  This would now cover all adults with income below 138% of the federal poverty level.  In addition, the goal was to support medical care delivery methods designed to lower costs of health care overall.

As nurses, we need to continue to be innovators and continue our work in research.  We need to focus on continuing to improve on patient safety and improving quality of care.  Nurses need to continue to be lifelong learners and meet demands of a changing society.  We must also continue to raise the bar for education with advanced degrees.  We must continue to push for more diversity in our profession to keep up with our diverse society to make patients more comfortable.  We also need to continue to bring our ideas to the table and be leaders within our organizations.  As we foster interprofessional collaboration the patients will benefit from teams working more closely together to improve patient care. 

3-The key elements of the Affordable Care Act are the following: providing national access to healthcare coverage for the entire population from birth through retirement, this will provide coverage for about 94 percent of the American people, to improve quality, affordability and fairness of health insurance coverage, to enhance healthcare efficiency, quality, diversity and values, to reduce wasteful spending, and to improve public health by expanding clinical preventive care and community investments.

The Act focuses on improving public health by investing in primary health care, especially in medically underserved communities. It also increased insurance coverage for clinical preventive services and procedures. For instance, physical examination, annual wellness visits, well child visits, immunizations, screening exams, like colonoscopy, mammograms and cervical cancer, are all covered by insurance with no cost sharing. In addition, the development of a national preventive plan and the establishment of a Prevention and Public Health Trust Fund, to fund investments in communities that will improve public health. Further investments are being made to in school-based health programs, preventive oral health care, tobacco cessation and adding prevention planning to Medicare.

Nurses are play a vital role and a an extremely important driving force in the implementation of this law. By developing innovative care models like transition of care, home care, care management, and nurse managed clinics, nurses will improve quality of care and lower health care cost.  Also, participating in research to aid in scientific evidence-based practices which improves quality, safety and patient outcome. Advanced practices nurses help increase the availability of primary care providers and provide cost effective care. Lastly, nursing leadership will be needed to implement better workflows to reduce medication errors, improve quality and care coordination, and increasing access to medical care. For these reasons and many others, nurses are of upmost importance in the implementation process of this Act.

Assignment Instructions  

Nursing is in the midst of many changes. How can you be a driving force to bring about needed change within the field of nursing?  

For this assignment, write 4–6 pages addressing an issue within the nursing field or your own organization.  Preparation  Select a problem to address either within nursing as a professional field or within the organization where you work. Narrow down your options by considering which change would best be undertaken by an interprofessional team.  Some examples within the nursing discipline include: •Using mobile and portable technology to support patients. 

•Using evidence–based practice (EBP) to improve patient care. 

•Increasing patient safety and quality of care. The use of medical technology such as genes and stem cells, or robots in the OR. 

•Addressing the nursing shortage now and into the future. 

•Improving the work environment (providing calm, supportive spaces for nurses; improved dialogue between health care professionals). 

•Improving safety for nurses at work (violence, spreading diseases, or physical injury). 

•Dealing with abuse by health care professionals.  Alternatively, you can narrow the scope to an issue within your own organization: 

•Developing a mobility program for an inpatient unit. 

•Implementing “smart” technology to assist in patient monitoring. 

•Creating a mentoring program to attract and retain nurses. 

•Implementing protocols for infection control or treatment of an epidemic (or both). •Developing a plan to eliminate physical violence and verbal abuse in the workplace. 

•Other issue.  Once you have selected an issue to address, look for scholarly and professional articles that focus on the problem, the needed change, and how interprofessional teams can work together to drive change.  Requirements  Complete the following: 

•Describe the problem briefly, along with how it impacts the organization, patients, or the nursing profession (or all of these). 

•Describe possible evidence–based interventions for the problem. 

•Analyze potential barriers and resistance to change that might come from the organization, patients, or colleagues (or all of these). 

•Describe strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to change. 

•Develop a plan to implement evidence–based interventions. What steps would you take? What resources might you need? 

•Identify other health care professionals to enlist as team members to help drive change in the organization.  

Your completed assignment should be 4–6 pages in length, not including the title page and reference page. Support your statements and intervention plan with references to and citations for at least 4 scholarly or professional resources. 

Be sure to follow APA guidelines for style and format. In addition: 

•Include a title page and reference page. 

•Use Times New Roman font, 12 point. 

•Double–space.